{"id":53,"date":"2026-05-23T08:10:08","date_gmt":"2026-05-23T08:10:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cityflowjournal.com\/?p=53"},"modified":"2026-05-23T08:10:08","modified_gmt":"2026-05-23T08:10:08","slug":"agatha-christie-and-the-red-scare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cityflowjournal.com\/?p=53","title":{"rendered":"Agatha Christie and the red scare"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u201cThe crime novel,\u201d said Bertolt Brecht, \u201clike the world itself, is ruled by the English.\u201d Well, he was right on the first count, but the British crime novelists in the Twenties and Thirties \u2014 the period dubbed the Golden Age of Detective Fiction by Brecht\u2019s fellow-communist John Strachey \u2014 might have disagreed over who was really running the world. They suspected another agenda altogether. \u201cBolshevist gold is pouring into this country for the specific purpose of procuring a Revolution,\u201d says Mr Carter, a senior figure in the security services in Agatha Christie\u2019s The Secret Adversary<\/em> (1922).<\/p>\n

Read more Labour\u2019s battle of ideas<\/a><\/p>\n

Christie, who died 50 years ago this month, is internationally recognized as the Queen of Crime. Indeed she\u2019s legally recognized as such \u2014 the phrase has been trademarked by her estate, and anyone else billed under the title is likely to receive a cease-and-desist letter (\u201castonishingly pitiful,\u201d said Val McDermid, when she was warned off in 2022). She\u2019s the world\u2019s biggest-selling fiction writer (she is estimated to have sold between two and four billion books) and one of the most adapted: virtually every one of her 66 crime novels has made its way onto screen, stage or radio. Netflix\u2019s adaptation of The Seven Dials Mystery<\/em> is only the latest. Traditionally, these adaptations were cozy affairs. More recently they\u2019ve tried to be edgy, but few have played to the political content of the original books, particularly those of her younger days. Which is a shame, if only because at a time when conspiracy theories are again depressingly common, it\u2019d be good to remember how prevalent \u2014 and how wrong \u2014 they were a century ago.<\/p>\n

The Secret Adversary<\/em> (1922), her second novel, sees a charming couple of amateurs, Tommy and Tuppence, thwart an international conspiracy to bring down Western civilization. It was written at a time of economic unrest. There had been a serious downturn in 1921 \u2014 \u201cone of the worst years of depression since the Industrial Revolution,\u201d wrote the Economist<\/em> \u2014 accompanied by a wave of strikes: more than twice as many working days were lost to industrial action as in any previous year. More alarmingly, there were fears of unemployed ex-servicemen being inspired by the revolutions in Russia and Ireland. Meanwhile, the Liberals were being supplanted by the seemingly inexorable rise of the Labour Party.<\/p>\n

In Christie\u2019s story, Mr Carter explains that, however disastrous a Labour government would be, they\u2019re not the real problem. Nor even are the communists. There\u2019s someone further back in the shadows. \u201cThe Bolshevists are behind the Labour unrest \u2013 but this man is\u00a0behind the Bolshevists<\/em>.\u201d No one knows his identity. \u201cBut one thing is certain, he is the master criminal of this age.\u201d<\/p>\n

Similarly, in The Big Four <\/em>(1927), Hercule Poirot fights the cabal behind \u201cthe worldwide unrest, the labour troubles that beset every nation, and the revolutions that break out in some\u201d. Their scope is global. \u201cIn Russia, you know, there were many signs that Lenin and Trotsky were mere puppets whose every action was dictated by another\u2019s brain.\u201d As Poirot says, \u201cTheir aim is world domination.\u201d<\/p>\n

This was characteristic of the popular fiction of the time. The biggest thriller hero of the Twenties was Bulldog Drummond, who battled his supervillain enemy over a succession of novels, plays and films by Sapper (the pen name of H.C. McNeile). Again, there\u2019s an international organization controlling Left-wing politics in Britain. \u201cEver since the war you poisonous reptiles have been at work stirring up internal trouble in this country,\u201d Drummond says to a Labour MP in The Black Gang<\/em> (1922). \u201cNot one in ten of you believe what you preach: your driving force is money and your own advancement.\u201d<\/p>\n

The idea of the Labour Party being fellow travelers was common. Dorothy L. Sayers, another billed as a Queen of Crime, presented in Clouds of Witness<\/em> (1926) the Soviet Club in London, where there\u2019s much excitement over the presence of the Labour leader, who \u201cis going to make a speech about converting the Army and Navy to communism\u201d.<\/p>\n

Maybe this recurring theme might be seen as an attempt to understand the otherwise incomprehensible scale and horror of the First World War and its social impact. When things had gone so far wrong, there was a need to believe there might be an underlying cause of the discontent. \u201cBehind all the world\u2019s creeds, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and the rest, lay an ancient devil-worship,\u201d argues the charismatic villain in John Buchan\u2019s The Three Hostages<\/em> (1924). Now that \u201cthe War had cracked the veneer everywhere, the real stuff was showing through\u201d, most obviously in the rise of communism. He intends to exploit the moral disorder so that he can seize power.<\/p>\n

Fanciful, of course, risible even. But the idea of the hidden hand manipulating politics did have an impact, preparing the ground for real-life developments. The fall of the first Labour government in 1924 was triggered by accusations about the influence wielded by the Communist Party of Great Britain. In the subsequent election campaign, the Daily Mail<\/em> produced the evidence \u2014 a letter supposedly sent by Grigori Zinoviev, Russian head of the Communist International, instructing the CPGB \u201cto stir up the masses of the British proletariat\u201d. There was a clear chain of command, it was alleged. \u201cMoscow issues orders to the British Communists,\u201d wrote the Mail<\/em>, \u201cthe British Communists in turn give orders to the Socialist government, which it tamely and humbly obeys.\u201d<\/p>\n

Read more Lucy Letby\u2019s trial by Netflix<\/a><\/p>\n

It was entirely untrue \u2014 and the Zinoviev letter itself was a forgery \u2014 but the suspicion that there was some kind of Bolshevik influence was well established by now. The accusation of loyalty to an outside power was precisely what the thrillers of Agatha Christie and Sapper had warned against, and their many readers recognized the danger. The result was that Liberal voters deserted to the Tories in their droves, determined to keep out the socialists so that, although Labour increased its share of the vote, its number of MPs fell. The lesson was learned, and come the General Strike of 1927, the Trades Union Congress (TUC) was quick to deny any external influence, telling the press that a check sent from Moscow, \u201cfor some thousands of pounds\u201d, had been returned uncashed.<\/p>\n

Thereafter, the focus on communist subversion faded a little, merging into a much older suspicion of Russia. Ngaio Marsh\u2019s A Man Lay Dead<\/em> (1934) featured a secret Russian brotherhood \u201cof amazing antiquity\u201d which, in the days of Peter the Great, \u201cpracticed various indecent and horrible rites, based on a kind of inverted monasticism\u201d. More recently, it had turned itself into a pro-Soviet political organization, even if it did retain its fondness for \u201cerotic performances and mutilations\u201d.<\/p>\n

In The Devil Rides Out<\/em> (1934), Dennis Wheatley went further and identified the real-life mastermind who had caused the war. \u201cThe monk Rasputin was the evil genius behind it all,\u201d explains our hero. \u201cHe was the greatest Black Magician that the world has known for centuries. It was he who found one of the gateways through which to let forth the four horsemen that they might wallow in blood and destruction.\u201d<\/p>\n

More generally, though, detectives and thriller-heroes turned their attention elsewhere. Following the Wall Street Crash in 1929 and the ensuing Depression, there was a fashion in crime fiction for uncaring financiers and rapacious businessmen. These seemed more pressing threats to the nation\u2019s well-being. Popular literature was popular precisely because it reflected the fears and concerns of its readers.<\/p>\n

In Leslie Charteris\u2019s The Smart Detective<\/em> (1933), Simon Templar (aka the Saint) is visited by a woman who works for \u201cOppenheim who owns the sweat shops\u201d. She outlines the system: \u201cI work with fifty other girls in an attic in the East End. We work ten hours a day, six days a week, sewing. If you\u2019re clever and fast you can make two pieces a day. They pay you one shilling a piece.\u201d Oppenheim, by contrast, has just bought a collection of emeralds for a quarter of a million pounds. \u201cIt\u2019s just one of those things that makes you feel like turning communist sometimes.\u201d Variations on the theme were to be found in the likes of Arthur Wynne\u2019s Death of a Banker<\/em> (1934), John Rhodes\u2019s Death of the Board<\/em> (1937), Nicholas Blake\u2019s There\u2019s Trouble Brewing<\/em> (1937) and Gathorne Cookson\u2019s Murder Pays No Dividends<\/em> (1938).<\/p>\n

And in Agatha Christie\u2019s One, Two, Buckle My Shoe<\/em> (1940), where Alistair Blunt is head of \u201cthe greatest banking firm in England\u201d. On him rests the economic stability that had kept the country free in an age of dictators. He is, says another character, \u201cthe answer to their Hitlers and Mussolinis and all the rest of them\u201d, and Blunt tends to agree: \u201cI\u2019ve done something for England, M. Poirot. I\u2019ve held it firm and kept it solvent. It\u2019s free from dictators \u2013 from Fascism and from Communism.\u201d<\/p>\n

But this is the Queen of Crime in her mature years, and the message is more subtle than in the earlier conspiracy thrillers. However sound his economics, Blunt is a murderer, and tries to persuade Poirot that he cannot be held to account. If he\u2019s arrested, he says, \u201ca lot of damned fools would try a lot of very costly experiments. And that would be the end of stability \u2013 of common sense, of solvency. In fact, of this England of ours as we know it.\u201d<\/p>\n

The fate of the nation is at stake, and it\u2019s left to Poirot to restate the essential principle that underpins Christie and most of the Golden Age. \u201cI am not concerned with nations, Monsieur,\u201d he says sternly. \u201cI am concerned with the lives of private individuals who have the right not to have their lives taken from them.\u201d Ultimately, of course, it\u2019s that humanity, the value of the individual, that has ensured Christie\u2019s continuing popularity.<\/p>\n

Read more Why myths can save humanity<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cThe crime novel,\u201d said Bertolt Brecht, \u201clike the world itself, is ruled by the English.\u201d Well, he was right on the first count, but the British crime novelists in the Twenties and Thirties \u2014 the period dubbed the Golden Age of Detective Fiction by Brecht\u2019s fellow-communist John Strachey \u2014 might have disagreed over who was […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":52,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-50-years-on"],"yoast_head":"\nAgatha Christie and the red scare - \u0421ity Flow Journal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cityflowjournal.com\/?p=53\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Agatha Christie and the red scare - 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